Jesus therefore ( Ιησους ουν ). Here  ουν is not causal, but simply copulative and transitional, "and so" (Bernard), as often in John (1:22, etc.).

Six days before the passover ( προ εξ ημερων του πασχα ). This idiom, transposition of  προ, is like the Latin use of ante, but it occurs in the old Doric, in the inscriptions and the papyri. See Am 1:1 for it also (cf. Moulton, Proleg., pp. 100ff.; Robertson, Grammar, pp. 621f.). If the crucifixion was on Friday, as seems certain from both John and the Synoptics, then six days before would be the Jewish Sabbath preceding or more probably the Friday afternoon before, since Jesus would most likely arrive before the Sabbath. Probably we are to put together in one scene for the atmosphere Joh 11:55-57; Joh 12:1, 9-11.

Came to Bethany, where Lazarus was, whom Jesus raised from the dead ( ητλεν εις Βηθανιαν, οπου ην Λαζαροσ, ον ηγειρεν εκ νεκρων Ιησους ). Each phrase explains the preceding. There is no reason for thinking this a gloss as Bernard does. It was a place of danger now after that great miracle and the consequent rage of the Sanhedrin (12:9-11). The crowd of eager spectators to see both Lazarus and Jesus would only intensify this rage.

So they made him a supper there ( εποιησαν ουν αυτω δειπνον εκε ). Here again  ουν is not inferential, but merely transitional. This supper is given by Mark (Mr 14:3-9) and Matthew (Mt 26:6-13) just two days (Mr 14:1) before the passover, that is on our Tuesday evening (beginning of Jewish Wednesday), while John mentions (12:2-9) it immediately after the arrival of Jesus in Bethany (12:1). One must decide which date to follow. Mark and Matthew and Luke follow it with the visit of Judas to the Sanhedrin with an offer to betray Jesus as if exasperated by the rebuke by Jesus at the feast. Bernard considers that John "is here more probably accurate." It all turns on John's purpose in putting it here. This is the last mention of Jesus in Bethany and he may have mentioned it proleptically for that reason as seems to me quite reasonable. Westcott notes that in chapter 12 John closes his record of the public ministry of the Lord relative to the disciples at this feast (1-11), to the multitude in the triumphal entry (12-19), to the world outside in the visit of the Greeks (20-36a), and with two summary judgements (36b-50). There is no further reason to refer to the feast in the house of another Simon when a sinful woman anointed Jesus (Lu 7:36-50). It is no credit to Luke or to John with Mark and Matthew to have them all making a jumble like that. There were two anointings by two absolutely different women for wholly different purposes. See the discussion on Luke for further details.

And Martha served ( κα η Μαρθα διηκονε ). Imperfect active of  διακονεω, picturing Martha true to the account of her in Lu 10:40 ( πολλην διακονιαν,  διακονειν as here). But this fact does not show that Martha was the wife of this Simon at all. They were friends and neighbours and Martha was following her bent. It is Mark (Mr 14:3) and Matthew (Mt 26:6) who mention the name of the host. It is not Simon the Pharisee (Lu 7:36), but Simon the leper (Mr 14:3; Mt 26:6) in whose house they meet. The name is common enough. The Simon in Luke was sharply critical of Jesus; this one is full of gratitude for what Jesus has done for him.

That sat at meat ( των ανακειμενων ). "That lay back," reclined as they did, articular participle (ablative case after  εκ ) of the common verb  ανακειμα. Perhaps Simon gave the feast partly in honour of Lazarus as well as of Jesus since all were now talking of both (Joh 12:9). It was a gracious occasion. The guests were Jesus, the twelve apostles, and Martha, Mary, and Lazarus.

A pound ( λιτραν ). Latin libra, late Koine (Polybius, Plutarch) word with weight of 12 ounces, in N.T. only here and 19:39. Mark (Mr 14:3) and Matthew (Mt 26:7) have alabaster cruse.

Of ointment of spikenard ( μυρου ναρδου πιστικης ). "Of oil of nard." See already 11:2 for  μυρου (also Mt 26:7). Nard is the head or spike of an East Indian plant, very fragrant. Occurs also in Mr 14:3.  Πιστικης here and in Mr 14:3 probably means genuine ( πιστικος, from  πιστος, reliable). Only two instances in the N.T.

Very precious ( πολυτιμου ). Old compound adjective ( πολυς, much,  τιμη ), in N.T. only here, Mt 13:46; 1Pe 1:7. Mark has  πολυτελους (very costly). Matthew (Mt 26:7) has here  βαρυτιμου of weighty value (only N.T. instance).

Anointed ( ηλειψεν ). First aorist active indicative of  αλειφω, old word (Mr 16:1).

The feet ( τους ποδας ). Mark (Mr 14:3) and Matthew (Mt 26:7) have "his head." Why not both, though neither Gospel mentions both? The Latin MS. fuldensis and the Syriac Sinatic do give both head and feet here.

Wiped ( εξεμαξεν ). First aorist active indicative of  εκμασσω, old verb to wipe off already in 11:2; Lu 7:38,44.

With her hair ( ταις θριξιν αυτης ). Instrumental plural. It is this item that is relied on largely by those who identify Mary of Bethany with the sinful woman in Luke 7 and with Mary Magdalene. It is no doubt true that it was usually considered immodest for a woman to wear her hair loose. But it is not impossible that Mary of Bethany in her carefully planned love-offering for Jesus on this occasion was only glad to throw such a punctilio to the winds. Such an act on this occasion does not brand her a woman of loose character.

Was filled with the odour of the ointment ( επληρωθη εκ της οσμης του μυρου ). Effective first aorist passive of  πληροω and a natural result.

Judas Iscariot ( Ιουδας ο Ισκαριωτης ). See  ο Ισκαριωτης in 14:22. See 6:71; 13:1 for like description of Judas save that in 6:71 the father's name is given in the genitive,  Σιμωνος and  Ισκαριωτου (agreeing with the father), but in 13:1  Ισκαριωτης agrees with  Ιουδας, not with  Σιμωνος. Clearly then both father and son were called "Iscariot" or man of Kerioth in the tribe of Judah (Jos 15:25). Judas is the only one of the twelve not a Galilean.

One of his disciples ( εις των μαθητων αυτου ). Likewise in 6:71, only there  εκ is used after  εις as some MSS. have here. This is the shameful fact that clung to the name of Judas.

Which should betray him ( ο μελλων αυτον παραδιδονα ). John does not say in 6:71 ( εμελλεν παραδιδονα αυτον ) or here that Judas "was predestined to betray Jesus" as Bernard suggests. He had his own responsibility for his guilt as Jesus said (Mt 26:24).  Μελλω here simply points to the act as future, not as necessary. Note the contrast between Mary and Judas. "Mary in her devotion unconsciously provides for the honour of the dead. Judas in his selfishness unconsciously brings about the death itself" (Westcott).

Sold ( επραθη ). First aorist passive indicative of  πιπρασκω, old verb to sell (Mt 13:46).

For three hundred pence ( τριακοσιων δηναριων ). Genitive of price. Same item in Mr 14:5, while in Mt 26:9 it is simply "for much" ( πολλου ). But all three have "given to the poor" ( εδοθη πτωχοις ). First aorist passive indicative of  διδωμ with dative case  πτωχοις (note absence of the article, poor people), real beggars, mendicants (Mt 19:21; Lu 14:13). But only John singles out Judas as the one who made the protest against this waste of money while Mark says that "some" had indignation and Matthew has it that "the disciples" had indignation. Clearly Judas was the spokesman for the group who chimed in and agreed with his protest. The amount here spent by Mary (ten guineas) would equal a day labourer's wages for a year (Dods).

Not because he cared for the poor ( ουχ οτ περ των πτωχων εμελεν αυτω ). Literally, "not because it was a care to him concerning the poor" (impersonal imperfect of  μελε, it was a care). John often makes explanatory comments of this kind as in 2:21f.; 7:22,39.

But because he was a thief ( αλλε οτ κλεπτης ην ). Clearly the disciples did not know then that Judas was a petty thief. That knowledge came later after he took the bribe of thirty pieces of silver for betraying Jesus (Mt 26:15), for the disciples did not suspect Judas of treachery (13:28f.), let alone small peculations. There is no reason for thinking that John is unfair to Judas. "Temptation commonly comes through that for which we are naturally fitted" (Westcott). In this case Judas himself was "the poor beggar" who wanted this money.

And having the bag took away what was put therein ( κα το γλωσσοκομον εχων τα βαλλομενα εβασταζεν ). This is the correct text. This compound for the earlier  γλωσσοκομειον (from  γλωσσα, tongue, and  κομεω, to tend) was originally a receptacle for the tongues or mouth-pieces of wind instruments. The shorter form is already in the Doric inscriptions and is common in the papyri for "money-box" as here. It occurs also in Josephus, Plutarch, etc. In N.T. only here and 13:29 in same sense about Judas.  Βαλλομενα is present passive participle (repeatedly put in) of  βαλλω, to cast or fling. The imperfect active (custom) of  βασταζω, old verb to pick up (Joh 10:31), to carry (19:17), but here and 20:15 with the sense to bear away as in Polybius, Josephus, Diogenes Laertes, and often so in the papyri.

Suffer her to keep it against the day of my burying ( Αφες αυτην, ινα εις την ημεραν του ενταφιασμου μου τηρηση αυτο ). This reading ( ινα τηρηση, purpose clause with  ινα and first aorist active subjunctive of  τηρεω ) rather than that of the Textus Receptus (just  τετηρεκεν, perfect active indicative) is correct. It is supported by Aleph B D L W Theta. The  ινα can be rendered as above after  αφες according to Koine idiom or more probably: "Let her alone: it was that," etc. (supplying "it was"). Either makes good sense. The word  ενταφιασμος is a later and rare substantive from the late verb  ενταφιαζω, to prepare for burial (Mt 26:12; Joh 19:40), and means preparation for burial. In N.T. only here and Mr 14:8. "Preparation for my burial" is the idea here and in Mark. The idea of Jesus is that Mary had saved this money to use in preparing his body for burial. She is giving him the flowers before the funeral. We can hardly take it that Mary did not use all of the ointment for Mark (Mr 14:3) says that she broke it and yet he adds (Mr 14:8) what John has here. It is a paradox, but Jesus is fond of paradoxes. Mary has kept this precious gift by giving it now beforehand as a preparation for my burial. We really keep what we give to Christ. This is Mary's glory that she had some glimmering comprehension of Christ's death which none of the disciples possessed.

Ye have always ( παντοτε εχετε ). Jesus does not discredit gifts to the poor at all. But there is relativity in one's duties.

But me ye have not always ( εμε δε ου παντοτε εχετε ). This is what Mary perceived with her delicate woman's intuition and what the apostles failed to understand though repeatedly and plainly told by Jesus. John does not mention the precious promise of praise for Mary preserved in Mr 14:9; Mt 26:13, but he does show her keen sympathetic insight and Christ's genuine appreciation of her noble deed. It is curiously  μαλ-α-προπος surely to put alongside this incident the other incident told long before by Luke (Lu 7:35ff.) of the sinful woman. Let Mary alone in her glorious act of love.

The common people ( ο οχλος πολυς ). This is the right reading with the article  ο, literally, "the people much or in large numbers." One is reminded of the French idiom. Gildersleeve (Syntax, p. 284) gives a few rare examples of the idiom  ο ανηρ αγαθος. Westcott suggests that  οχλος πολυς came to be regarded as a compound noun. This is the usual order in the N.T. rather than  πολυς οχλος (Robertson, Grammar, p. 774). Mark (Mr 12:37) has  ο πολυς οχλος. Moulton (Proleg., p. 84) terms  ο οχλος πολυς here and in verse 12 "a curious misplacement of the article." John's use of  οχλος is usually the common crowd as "riff-raff."

That he was ( οτ εστιν ). Present active indicative retained in indirect discourse after the secondary tense ( εγνω, second aorist active indicative of  γινωσκω ). These "Jews" are not all hostile to Jesus as in 5:10; 6:41, etc., but included some who were friendly (verse 11).

But that they might see Lazarus also ( αλλ' ινα κα τον Λαζαρον ιδωσιν ). Purpose clause with  ινα and second aorist active subjunctive of  οραω. Motive enough to gather a great crowd, to see one raised from the dead (cf. verse 1 for the same phrase, "whom he had raised from the dead"). Some of the very witnesses of the raising of Lazarus will bear witness later (verse 17). It was a tense situation.

The chief priests took counsel ( εβουλευσαντο ο αρχιερεις ). First aorist middle indicative of  βουλευω, old verb, seen already in 11:53 which see. The whole Sanhedrin (7:32) had decided to put Jesus to death and had asked for information concerning him (11:57) that might lead to his arrest, but the Sadducees were specially active now to accomplish the death of Lazarus also ( ινα with first aorist active subjunctive of  αποκτεινω as in 11:53). Perhaps they argued that, if they should kill both Jesus and Lazarus, then Lazarus would remain dead. The raising of Lazarus has brought matters to a crisis. Incidentally, it may be observed that here we may see the reason why the Synoptics do not tell the story of the raising of Lazarus, if he was still living (cf. the case of Malchus's name in Joh 18:10).

Because that ( οτ ). Causal use of  οτ.

By reason of him ( δι' αυτον ). "Because of him," regular idiom, accusative case with  δια.

Went away ( υπηγον ). Cf. 6:67 for this verb. Inchoative imperfect active of  υπαγω, "began to withdraw" as happened at the time of the raising of Lazarus (11:45f.) and the secession was still going on.

And believed on Jesus ( κα επιστευον εις τον Ιησουν ). Imperfect active of  πιστευω (note aorist in 11:45). There was danger of a mass movement of the people to Jesus.

On the morrow ( τη επαυριον ). Locative case. Supply  ημερα (day) after the adverb  επαυριον ("on the tomorrow day"). That is on our Sunday, Palm Sunday.

A great multitude ( ο οχλος πολυς ). Same idiom rendered "the common people" in verse 9 and should be so translated here.

That had come ( ο ελθων ). Second aorist active participle, masculine singular of  ερχομα agreeing with  οχλος, "that came."

When they heard ( ακουσαντες ). First aorist active masculine plural participle of  ακουω, construction according to sense (plural, though  οχλος singular).

Was coming ( ερχετα ). Present middle indicative of  ερχομα retained in indirect discourse after a secondary tense. It is a vivid picture. What they heard was: "Jesus is coming into Jerusalem." He is defying the Sanhedrin with all their public advertisement for him.

Took ( ελαβον ). Second aorist active indicative of  λαμβανω.

The branches of the palm-trees ( τα βαια των φοινικων ).  Φοινιξ is an old word for palm-tree (Re 7:9 for the branches) and in Ac 27:12 the name of a city.  Βαιον is apparently a word of Egyptian origin, palm branches, here only in N.T., but in the papyri and I Macc. 13:51. Here we have "the palm branches of the palm-trees." The use in 1 Macc. 13:51 (cf. II Macc. 10:7) is in the account of Simon's triumphal entry into Jerusalem. Bernard notes that to carry palms was a mark of triumphant homage to a victor or a king (Re 7:9). Palm-trees grew on the Mount of Olives (Mr 11:8) on the road from Bethany to Jerusalem. The crowds (one in front and one behind, Mr 11:9; Mt 21:9; Joh 2:18) cut the branches as they came (Mt 21:8).

To meet him ( εις υπαντησιν αυτω ). Literally,

for a meeting ( υπαντησις, late word from the verb  υπανταω, Mt 8:28; Joh 11:20,30; 12:18, in the papyri, but only here in the N.T.) with him" ( αυτω, associative instrumental case after  υπαντησιν as after the verb in verse 18). It was a scene of growing excitement.

And cried out ( κα εκραυγαζον ). Imperfect active of  κραυγαζω, old and rare verb (from  κραυγη ) as in Mt 12:19; Joh 19:15.

Hosannah ( Hωσαννα ). Transliteration of the Hebrew word meaning "Save now." The LXX renders it by  Σωσον δη (Save now).

Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord ( ευλογημενος ο ερχομενος εν ονοματ κυριου ). Perfect passive participle of  ευλογεω. Quotation from Ps 118:25f., written, some think, for the dedication of the second temple, or, as others think, for the feast of tabernacles after the return (Ezr 3:1f.). It was sung in the processional recitation then as a welcome to the worshippers. Here the words are addressed to the Messiah as is made plain by the addition of the words, "even the king of Israel" ( κα ο βασιλευς του Ισραηλ ) as Nathanael called him (1:49). Jesus is here hailed by the multitudes as the long-looked for Messiah of Jewish hope and he allows them so to greet him (Lu 19:38-40), a thing that he prevented a year before in Galilee (Joh 6:14f.). It is probable that "in the name of the Lord" should be taken with "blessed" as in De 21:5; 2Sa 6:18; 1Ki 22:16; 2Ki 2:24. The Messiah was recognized by Martha as the Coming One (Joh 11:27) and is so described by the Baptist (Mt 11:3). Mark (Mr 11:10) adds "the kingdom that cometh" while Luke (19:38) has "the king that cometh." "It was this public acclamation of Jesus as King of Israel or King of the Jews which was the foundation of the charge made against him before Pilate (18:33)" (Bernard).

Found ( ευρων ). Second aorist active participle of  ευρισκω. Through the disciples, of course, as in Mr 11:2-6 (Mt 21:2-3,6; Lu 19:30f.).

A young ass ( οναριον ). Late diminutive of  ονος, in Epictetus and the papyri (even the double diminitive,  οναριδιον ), only here in the N.T. See discussion of Mt 21:5 where  κα has been wrongly rendered "and" instead of "even." Rightly understood Matthew has Jesus riding only the colt like the rest.

Daughter of Zion ( θυγατηρ Σιων ). Nominative form (instead of  θυγατερ ) but vocative case. The quotation is from Zec 9:9 shortened.

Thy King cometh ( ο βασιλευς ερχετα ). Prophetic futuristic present. The ass was the animal ridden in peace as the horse was in war (Jud 10:4; 12:14; 2Sa 17:23; 19:26). Zechariah pictures one coming in peace. So the people here regarded Jesus as the Prince of Peace in the triumphal entry.

Sitting on an ass's colt ( καθημενος επ πωλον ονου ). Matthew (Mt 21:6f.) does speak of both the ass and the colt having garments put on them, but he does not say that Jesus "sat upon" both animals at once, for  επανω αυτων (upon them) probably refers to the garments, not to the colts. When John wrote (end of the century), Jerusalem had fallen. Jesus will lament over Jerusalem (Lu 19:41ff.). So "Fear not" ( μη φοβου ).

Understood not ( ουκ εγνωσαν ). Second aorist active indicative of  γινωσκω. Another comment by John concerning the failure of the disciples to know what was happening (cf. 2:22; 7:39).

At the first ( το πρωτον ). Adverbial accusative, as in 10:40; 19:39.

Was glorified ( εδοξασθη ). First aorist passive indicative of  δοξαζω, to glorify, used of his death already in 7:39 and by Jesus himself of his death, resurrection, and ascension in 12:23; 13:31.

Then remembered they ( τοτε εμνησθησαν ). First aorist passive indicative of  μιμνησκω. It was easier to understand then and they had the Holy Spirit to help them (16:13-15).

Were written of him ( ην επ' αυτω γεγραμμενα ). Periphrastic past perfect passive of  γραφω with neuter plural participle agreeing with  ταυτα (these things) and singular verb, though the plural  ησαν could have been used. Note the threefold repetition of  ταυτα in this verse, "clumsy" Bernard calls it, but making for clarity. The use of  επ' αυτω for "of him" rather than  περ αυτου is unusual, but occurs in Re 10:11; 22:16.

They had done ( εποιησαν ). First aorist active indicative of  ποιεω, simply, "they did."

Bare witness ( εμαρτυρε ). Imperfect active of  μαρτυρεω. This crowning triumph of Jesus gave an added sense of importance to the crowds that were actually with Jesus when he called Lazarus out of the tomb and raised him from the dead. For this description of this portion of the crowd see 11:45f.; 12:1,9-11.

The multitude ( ο οχλος ). The multitude of verse 13, not the crowd just mentioned that had been with Jesus at the raising of Lazarus. There were two crowds (one following Jesus, one meeting Jesus as here).

Went and met him ( υπηντησεν αυτω ). First aorist active indicative of  υπανταω, old compound verb ( υπο, ανταω ) to go to meet, with associative instrumental case  αυτω. Cf. Joh 4:51.

That he had done this sign ( τουτο αυτον πεποιηκενα το σημειον ). Perfect active infinitive in indirect discourse after  ηκουσαν (first aorist active indicative of  ακουω, to hear) (instead of a  οτ clause) with the accusative of general reference  αυτον (as to him) and another accusative ( σημειον, sign) the object of the infinitive. Clearly there was much talk about the raising of Lazarus as the final proof that Jesus in truth is the Messiah of Jewish hope.

The Pharisees therefore laid among themselves ( ο ουν Φαρισαιο ειπαν προς εαυτους ). Graphic picture of the predicament of the Pharisees standing off and watching the enthusiastic crowds sweep by. As people usually do, they blame each other for the defeat of their plots against Jesus and for his final victory, as it seemed.

Behold how ye prevail nothing ( θεωρειτε οτ ουκ ωφελειτε ουδεν ). It was a pathetic confession of failure because the rest of the plotters had bungled the whole thing. "Ye help nothing at all" by your plots and plans.

Lo, the world is gone after him ( ιδε ο κοσμος οπισω αυτου απηλθεν ). Exclamatory use of  ιδε and timeless aorist active indicative of  απερχομα. The "world" is a bunch of fools, they feel, but see for yourselves. And the Sanhedrin had advertised to "find" Jesus! They can find him now!

Certain Greeks ( Hελληνες τινες ). Real Greeks, not Greek-speaking Jews (Hellenists, Ac 6:1), but Greeks like those in Antioch (Ac 11:20, correct text  προς τους Hελληνας ) to whom Barnabas was sent. These were probably proselytes of the gate or God-fearers like those worshipping Greeks in Thessalonica whom Paul won to Christ (Ac 17:4).

To worship at the feast ( ινα προσκυνησωσιν εν τη εορτη ). Purpose clause with  ινα and the first aorist active subjunctive of  προσκυνεω, old and common verb to kiss the hand in reverence, to bow the knee in reverence and worship. We do not know whence they came, whether from Decapolis, Galilee, or further away. They found the pilgrims and the city ringing with talk about Jesus. They may even have witnessed the triumphal entry.

To Philip which was of Bethsaida of Galilee ( Φιλιππω τω απο Βηθσαιδα της Γαλιλαιας ). He had a Greek name and the Greeks may have seen Philip in Galilee where there were many Greeks, probably (Mr 6:45) the Western Bethsaida in Galilee, not Bethsaida Julias on the Eastern side (Lu 9:10).

Asked ( ηρωτων ). Imperfect active, probably inchoative, "began to ask," in contrast with the aorist tense just before ( προσηλθαν, came to).

Sir ( Κυριε ). Most respectfully and courteously.

We would see Jesus ( θελομεν τον Ιησουν ιδειν ). "We desire to see Jesus." This is not abrupt like our "we wish" or "we want," but perfectly polite. However, they could easily "see" Jesus, had already done so, no doubt. They wish an interview with Jesus.

Andrew ( τω Ανδρεα ). Another apostle with a Greek name and associated with Philip again (Joh 6:7f.), the man who first brought his brother Simon to Jesus (1:41). Andrew was clearly a man of wisdom for a crisis. Note the vivid dramatic presents here,

cometh ( ερχετα ),

telleth ( λεγε ). What was the crisis? These Greeks wish an interview with Jesus. True Jesus had said something about "other sheep" than Jews (10:16), but he had not explained. Philip and Andrew wrestle with the problem that will puzzle Peter on the housetop in Joppa (Ac 10:9-18), that middle wall of partition between Jew and Gentile that was only broken down by the Cross of Christ (Eph 2:11-22) and that many Christians and Jews still set up between each other. Andrew has no solution for Philip and they bring the problem, but not the Greeks, to Jesus.

The hour is come ( εληλυθεν η ωρα ). The predestined hour, seen from the start (2:4), mentioned by John (7:30; 8:20) as not yet come and later as known by Jesus as come (13:1), twice again used by Jesus as already come (in the prayer of Jesus, 17:1; Mr 14:41, just before the betrayal in the Garden). The request from the Greeks for this interview stirs the heart of Jesus to its depths.

That the Son of man should be glorified ( ινα δοξασθη ο υιος του ανθρωπου ). Purpose clause with  ινα (not in the sense of  οτε, when) and the first aorist passive subjunctive of  δοξαζω, same sense as in 12:16, 13:31. The Cross must come before Greeks can really come to Jesus with understanding. But this request shows that interest in Jesus now extends beyond the Jewish circles.

Except ( εαν μη ). Negative condition of third class (undetermined, supposable case) with second aorist active participle  πεσων (from  πιπτω, to fall) and the second aorist active subjunctive of  αποθνησκω, to die.

A grain of wheat ( ο κοκκος του σιτου ). Rather, "the grain of wheat."

By itself alone ( αυτος μονος ). Both predicate nominatives after  μενε. It is not necessary to think (nor likely) that Jesus has in mind the Eleusinian mysteries which became a symbol of the mystery of spring. Paul in 1Co 15:36 uses the same illustration of the resurrection that Jesus does here. Jesus shows here the paradox that life comes through death. Whether the Greeks heard him or not we do not know. If so, they heard something not in Greek philosophy, the Christian ideal of sacrifice, "and this was foreign to the philosophy of Greece" (Bernard). Jesus had already spoken of himself as the bread of life (6:35-65).

But if it die ( εαν δε αποθανη ). Parallel condition of the third class. Grains of wheat have been found in Egyptian tombs three or four thousand years old, but they are now dead. They bore no fruit.

Loseth it ( απολλυε αυτην ). The second paradox. Present active indicative of  απολλυω. This great saying was spoken at various times as in Mr 8:35 (Mt 16:25; Lu 9:24) and Mr 10:39 (Lu 17:33). See those passages for discussion of  ψυχη (life or soul). For "he that hateth his life" ( ο μισων την ψυχην αυτου ) see the sharp contrasts in Luke 14:26-35 where  μισεω is used of father, mother, wife, children, brothers, sisters, as well as one's own life. Clearly  μισεω means "hate" when the issue is between Christ and the dearest things of life as happens when the choice is between martyrdom and apostasy. In that case one keeps his soul for eternal life by losing his life ( ψυχη, each time) here. That is the way to "guard" ( φυλαξε ) life by being true to Christ. This is the second paradox to show Christ's philosophy of life.

If any man serve me ( εαν εμο τις διακονη ). Condition of third class again ( εαν with present active subjunctive of  διακονεω, keep on serving with dative  εμο ).

Let him follow me ( εμο ακολουθειτω ). "Me (associative instrumental case) let him keep on following" (present active imperative of  ακολουθεω ).

Where ... there ( οπου ... εκε ). In presence and spiritual companionship here and hereafter. Cf. 14:3; 17:24; Mt 28:20.

Shall honour ( τιμησε ). Future active of  τιμαω, but it may be the kind of honour that Jesus will get (verse 23).

My soul ( η ψυχη μου ). The soul ( ψυχη ) here is synonymous with spirit ( πνευμα ) in 13:21.

Is troubled ( τεταρακτα ). Perfect passive indicative of  ταρασσω, used also in 11:33; 13:21 of Jesus. While John proves the deity of Jesus in his Gospel, he assumes throughout his real humanity as here (cf. 4:6). The language is an echo of that in Ps 6:4; 42:7. John does not give the agony in Gethsemane which the Synoptics have (Mr 14:35f.; Mt 26:39; Lu 22:42), but it is quite beside the mark to suggest, as Bernard does, that the account here is John's version of the Gethsemane experience. Why do some critics feel called upon to level down to a dead plane every variety of experience in Christ's life?

And what shall I say? ( κα τ ειπω; ). Deliberative subjunctive which expresses vividly "a genuine, if momentary indecision" (Bernard). The request of the Greeks called up graphically to Jesus the nearness of the Cross.

Father, save me from this hour ( πατερ, σωσον με εκ της ωρας ταυτης ). Jesus began his prayers with "Father" (11:41). Dods thinks that this should be a question also. Westcott draws a distinction between  εκ (out of) and  απο (from) to show that Jesus does not pray to draw back from the hour, but only to come safely out of it all and so interprets  εκ in Heb 5:7, but that distinction will not stand, for in Joh 1:44  εκ and  απο are used in the same sense and in the Synoptics (Mr 14:35f.; Mt 26:39; Lu 52:42) we have  απο. If it holds here, we lose the point there. Here as in Gethsemane the soul of Jesus instinctively and naturally shrinks from the Cross, but he instantly surrenders to the will of God in both experiences.

But for this cause came I unto this hour ( αλλα δια τουτο ηλθον εις την ωραν ταυτην ). It was only a moment of human weakness as in Gethsemane that quickly passed. Thus understood the language has its natural meaning.

Father, glorify thy name ( πατερ, δοξασον σου το ονομα ). First aorist (note of urgency) active imperative of  δοξαζω and in the sense of his death already in verses 16,23 and again in 13:31; 17:5. This is the prayer of the  πνευμα (or  ψυχη ) as opposed to that of the  σαρξ (flesh) in verse 27. The "name" ( ονομα ) of God expresses the character of God (1:12; 5:43; 17:11). Cf. Mt 6:9.

A voice out of heaven ( φωνη εκ του ουρανου ). This was the Father's answer to the prayer of Jesus for help. See already the Father's voice at the baptism of Jesus (Mr 1:11) and at the transfiguration (Mr 9:7). The rabbis called the audible voice of God bath-qol (the daughter of a voice).

I have both glorified it and will glorify it again ( κα εδοξασα κα παλιν δοξασω ). This definite assurance from the Father will nerve the soul of Jesus for the coming ordeal. Cf. 11:40 for  εδοξασα and 13:31; 17:5 for  δοξασω.

That it had thundered ( βροντην γεγονενα ). Perfect active infinitive of  γινομα in indirect discourse after  ελεγεν and the accusative of general reference ( βροντην, thunder, as in Mr 3:17), "that thunder came to pass." So the crowd "standing by" ( εστως, second perfect active participle of  ιστημ ), but Jesus understood his Father's voice.

An angel hath spoken to him ( Αγγελος αυτω λελαληκεν ). Perfect active indicative of  λαλεω. So, when Jesus spoke to Saul on the way to Damascus, those with Saul heard the voice, but did not understand (Ac 9:7; 22:9).

Not for my sake, but for your sakes ( ου δι' εμε, αλλα δι' υμας ). These words seem to contradict verses 28,29. Bernard suggests an interpolation into the words of Jesus. But why not take it to be the figure of exaggerated contrast, "not merely for my sake, but also for yours"?

The judgement ( κρισις ). No article, "A judgement." The next few days will test this world.

The prince of this world ( ο αρχων του κοσμου τουτου ). This phrase here, descriptive of Satan as in possession of the evil world, occurs again in 14:30; 16:11. In the temptations Satan claims power over the world and offers to share it with Jesus (Mt 4:8-10; Lu 4:5-8). Jesus did not deny Satan's power then, but here proclaims final victory over him.

Shall be cast out ( εκβληθησετα εξω ). Future passive of  εκβαλλω. Note  εξω, clean out. The Book of Revelation also proclaims final victory over Satan.

And I, if I be lifted from the earth ( καγω αν υψωθω εκ της γης ). Note proleptic position of  εγω (I). Condition of third class (undetermined with prospect) with  αν (= εαν here) with first aorist passive subjunctive of  υψοω, the verb used in 3:14 of the brazen serpent and of the Cross of Christ as here and also in 8:28. Westcott again presses  εκ instead of  απο to make it refer to the ascension rather than to the Cross, a wrong interpretation surely.

Will draw all men unto myself ( παντας ελκυσω προς εμαυτον ). Future active of  ελκυω, late form of  ελκω, to draw, to attract. Jesus had already used this verb of the Father's drawing power (6:44). The magnetism of the Cross is now known of all men, however little they understand the mystery of the Cross. By "all men" ( παντας ) Jesus does not mean every individual man, for some, as Simeon said (Lu 2:34) are repelled by Christ, but this is the way that Greeks (verse 22) can and will come to Christ, by the way of the Cross, the only way to the Father (14:6).

Signifying ( σημαινων ). Present active participle of  σεμαινω, old verb to give a sign ( σημειον ) as in Ac 25:27, and the whole phrase repeated in 18:32 and nearly so in 21:19. The indirect question here and in 18:32 has the imperfect  εμελλεν with present infinitive rather than the usual present  μελλε retained while in 21:19 the future indicative  δοξασε occurs according to rule. The point in  ποιω (qualitative relative in the instrumental case with  θανατω ) is the Cross (lifted up) as the kind of death before Christ.

Out of the law ( εκ του νομου ). That is, "out of the Scriptures" (10:34; 15:25).

The Christ abideth forever ( ο Χριστος μενε εις τον αιωνα ). Timeless present active indicative of  μενω, to abide, remain. Perhaps from Ps 89:4; 110:4; Isa 9:7; Eze 37:25; Da 7:14.

How sayest thou? ( πως λεγεις συ; ). In opposition to the law (Scripture).

The Son of man ( τον υιον του ανθρωπου ). Accusative case of general reference with the infinitive  υψωθηνα (first aorist passive of  υψοω and taken in the sense of death by the cross as Jesus used it in verse 32). Clearly the crowd understand Jesus to be "the Son of man" and take the phrase to be equivalent to "the Christ." This is the obvious way to understand the two terms in their reply, and not, as Bernard suggests, that they saw no connexion between "the Christ" (the Messiah) and "the Son of man." The use of "this" ( ουτος ) in the question that follows is in contrast to verse 32. The Messiah (the Son of man) abides forever and is not to be crucified as you say he "must" ( δε ) be.

Yet a little while is the light among you ( ετ μικρον χρονον το φως εν υμιν εστιν ).  Χρονον is the accusative of extent of time. Jesus does not argue the point of theology with the crowd who would not understand. He turns to the metaphor used before when he claimed to be the light of the world (8:12) and urges that they take advantage of their privilege "while ye have the light" ( ως το φως εχετε ).

That darkness overtake you not ( ινα μη σκοτια υμας καταλαβη ). Purpose (negative) with  ινα μη and second aorist active subjunctive of  καταλαμβανω. See this verb in 1:5. In 1Th 5:4 this verb occurs with  ημερα (day) overtaking one like a thief.

Knoweth not whither he goeth ( ουκ οιδεν που υπαγε ). See 11:10 for this idea and the same language in 1Jo 2:11. The ancients did not have our electric street lights. The dark streets were a terror to travellers.

Believe in the light ( πιστευετε εις το φως ). That is, "believe in me as the Messiah" (8:12; 9:5).

That ye may become sons of light ( ινα υιο φωτος γενησθε ). Purpose clause with  ινα and second aorist subject of  γινομα, to become. They were not "sons of light," a Hebrew idiom (cf. 17:12; Lu 16:8 with the contrast), an idiom used by Paul in 1Th 5:5; Eph 5:8. It is equivalent to "enlightened men" (Bernard) and Jesus called his disciples the light of the world (Mt 5:14).

Hid himself from them ( εκρυβη απ' αυτων ). Second aorist passive indicative of  κρυπτω, late form (in LXX) for old  εκρυφη, "was hidden from them," as in 8:59. This part of verse 36 begins a new paragraph.

Though he had done so many signs before them ( τοσαυτα αυτου σημεια πεποιηκοτος εμπροσθεν αυτων ). Genitive absolute with perfect active participle in concessive sense of  ποιεω.

Yet they believed not on him ( ουκ επιστευον εις αυτον ). No "yet" in the Greek. Negative imperfect active of  πιστευω, "they kept on not believing on him," stubborn refusal in face of the light (verse 35).

That might be fulfilled ( ινα πληρωθη ). It is usually assumed that  ινα here with the first aorist passive subjunctive of  πληροω has its full telic force. That is probable as God's design, but it is by no means certain since  ινα is used in the N.T. with the idea of result, just as ut in Latin is either purpose or result, as in Joh 6:7; 9:2; 1Th 5:4; Ga 5:17; Ro 11:11 (Robertson, Grammar, p. 998). Paul in Ro 10:16 quotes Isa 53:1 as John does here but without  ινα. See Ro 10:16 for discussion of the quotation. The next verse adds strength to the idea of design.

For this cause they could not believe ( δια τουτο ουκ εδυναντο πιστευειν ).  Τουτο (this) seems to have a double reference (to what precedes and to what follows) as in 8:47. The negative imperfect (double augment,  εδυναντο ) of  δυναμα. John is not absolving these Jews from moral responsibility, but only showing that the words of Isaiah "had to be fulfilled, for they were the expression of Divine foreknowledge " (Bernard).

He hath blinded ( τετυφλωκεν ). Perfect active indicative of  τυφλοω, old causative verb to make blind (from  τυφλος, blind), in N.T. only here, 2Co 4:4; 1Jo 2:11.

He hardened ( επωρωσεν ). First aorist active indicative of  πωροω, a late causative verb (from  πωρος, hard skin), seen already in Mr 6:52, etc. This quotation is from Isa 6:10 and differs from the LXX.

Lest they should see ( ινα μη ιδωσιν ). Negative purpose clause with  ινα μη instead of  μηποτε (never used by John) of the LXX. Matthew (Mt 13:15) has  μηποτε and quotes Jesus as using the passage as do Mark (Mr 4:12) and Luke (Lu 8:10). Paul quotes it again (Ac 28:26) to the Jews in Rome. In each instance the words of Isaiah are interpreted as forecasting the doom of the Jews for rejecting the Messiah. Matthew (Mt 13:15) has  συνωσιν where John has  νοησωσιν (perceive), and both change from the subjunctive to the future ( κα ιασομα ), "And I should heal them." John has here  στραφωσιν (second aorist passive subjunctive of  στρεφω ) while Matthew reads  επιστρεψωσιν (first aorist active of  επιστρεφω ).

Because he saw his glory ( οτ ειδεν την δοξαν αυτου ). Correct reading here  οτ (because), not  οτε (when). Isaiah with spiritual vision saw the glory of the Messiah and spoke ( ελαλησεν ) of him, John says, whatever modern critics may think or say. So Jesus said that Abraham saw his day (8:56). Cf. Heb 11:13.

Nevertheless even ( ομως μεντο κα ). For the old  ομως see 1Co 14:7; Ga 3:15 (only other examples in N.T.), here only with  μεντο, "but yet," and  κα, "even." In spite of what has just been said "many ( πολλο ) even of the rulers" (recall the lonely shyness of Nicodemus in 3:1ff.). These actually "believed on him" ( επιστευσαν εις αυτον ) in their convictions, a remarkable statement as to the effect that Christ had in Jerusalem as the Sanhedrin plotted his death. Cf. Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea.

But because of the Pharisees ( αλλα δια τους Φαρισαιους ). Like the whispered talk in 7:13 "because of the fear of the Jews." Once the Pharisees sneeringly asked the officers (7:48): "Hath any one of the rulers believed on him?" And now "many of the rulers have believed on him."

They did not confess ( ουχ ωμολογουν ). Negative imperfect in contrast to the punctiliar aorist  επιστευσαν. "They kept on not confessing." How like the cowardly excuses made today by those under conviction who refuse to step out for Christ.

Lest they should be put out of the synagogue ( ινα μη αποσυναγωγο γενωντα ). Cf. 9:22 where this very word occurs in a purpose clause like this. Only once more in the N.T. (16:2), a Jewish word not in profane authors. This ostracism from the synagogue was dreaded by the Jews and made cowards of these "believing elders."

More than ( μαλλον ηπερ ). They preferred the glory and praise of men more than the glory and praise of God. How  απροπος these words are to some suave cowards today.

Cried and said ( εκραξεν κα ειπεν ). First aorist active indicative of  κραζω, to cry aloud, and second aorist active of defective verb  ερω, to say. This is probably a summary of what Jesus had already said as in verse 36 John closes the public ministry of Jesus without the Synoptic account of the last day in the temple on our Tuesday (Mr 11:27-12:44; Mt 21:23-23:39; Lu 20:1-21:4).

Not on me, but on him ( ου εις εμε, αλλα εις τον ). "Not on me only, but also on," another example of exaggerated contrast like that in verse 30. The idea of Jesus here is a frequent one (believing on Jesus whom the Father has sent) as in 3:17f.; 5:23f.,30,43; 7:16; 8:42; 13:20; 14:1; Mt 10:40; Lu 9:48.

I am come a light ( Εγω φως εληλυθα ). As in 3:19; 9:5; 8:12; 12:35. Final clause (negative) also here ( ινα μη μεινη, first aorist active subjunctive) as in 12:35. Light dispels darkness.

If any one ( εαν τις ). Third-class condition with  εαν and first aorist active subjunctive ( ακουση ) of  ακουω and same form ( φυλαξη ) of  φυλασσω with negative  μη.

But to save the world ( αλλ' ινα σωσω τον κοσμον ). Purpose clause again (cf.  ινα κρινω, just before) with  ινα and first aorist active of sozo. Exaggerated contrast again, "not so much to judge, but also to save." See 3:17 for same contrast. And yet Jesus does judge the world inevitably (8:15f.; 9:39), but his primary purpose is to save the world (3:16). See close of the Sermon on the Mount for the same insistence on hearing and keeping (obeying) the words of Jesus (Mt 7:24,26) and also Lu 11:28.

Rejecteth ( αθετων ). Present active participle of  αθετεω, late Koine verb (from  αθετος,  α privative, and  τιθημ ), to render null and void, only here in John, but see Mr 6:26; 7:9.

One that judgeth him ( τον κρινοντα αυτον ). Articular present active participle of  κρινω. See same idea in 5:45; 9:50.

The same ( εκεινος ). "That" very word of Christ which one rejects will confront him and accuse him to the Father "at the last day" ( εν τη εσχατη ημερα, this phrase peculiar to John). There is no escaping it. And yet Jesus himself will bear witness for or against the one whose conduct has already revealed his attitude towards the message of God (Mt 10:32; Lu 12:8f.).

He hath given ( δεδωκεν ). Perfect active indicative. Christ has permanent commission.

What I should say and what I should speak ( τ ειπω κα τ λαλησω ). Indirect question retaining the deliberative subjunctive (second aorist active  ειπω, first aorist active  λαλησω ). Meyer and Westcott take  ειπω to refer to the content and  λαλησω more to the varying manner of delivery. Possibly so.

Life eternal ( ζωη αιωνιος ). See 3:15; Mt 25:46 for this great phrase. In 6:68 Peter says to Jesus, "Thou hast the words of eternal life." Jesus had just said (6:63) that his words were spirit and life. The secret lies in the source, "as the Father hath said to me" ( ειρηκεν ).